一、 考点分析：
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”有时可以不带to，否定式：not + (to) do。动
词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，可以担任主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。 什么是非谓语动词？分析下面句子：
I remembered giving him the money three days ago. Please remember to give him the money. He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着动词的其他特点，可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
二、专题解析
知识点一：不定式的句法功能
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。 To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，上面两句可用如下形式：
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ 常用句式有：
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1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。 3、It+be+形容词+of/for sb +to do。
（1） 如果句中的形容词表示人物特征或品质，常同of搭配构成“It is + 形容词＋of＋代词（名词）＋不定式”句型。如： bold ，brave, careful, careless, considerate, cruel, rude, generous, :right，wrong, kind，nice，good，polite，clever，wise， foolish, silly等。
（2）表示事物性质的形容词如easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, necessary常同for 搭配。 练习： 1、选择
1) It is wise A the experiment that way.
a) A. of him to do B. for him to do C. of his doing D. that he do 2) In fact D is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football
match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it 2、填空
1) To learn （learn） a foreign language is not easy
2) It is not difficult to grasp (grasp) a foreign language if you spend time and effort on
it. 3、翻译
1) 放弃吸烟是对的。 To give up smoking is right. 2) 我很荣幸参加玛丽的生日聚会。
It’s a great honor for me to attend Mary’s birthday party. 3) 把老师说的一切都记下来是不明智的。
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
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（2）作表语：
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, dream, idea, intention, purpose, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once.
注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如：
All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 练习： 1、选择
1) My dream is D an outstanding architect after graduation.
a) A. to becoming
B. become
C. becoming D. to become
2) What Tom said is A at the next meeting.
a) A. to discuss 2、填空
1) The purpose of new technology is to make (make) life easier.
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B. discussing C. discussed D. to have discussed
2) He lost all his money when travelling long distance. The only thing he could do was to call （call）his wife for help. 3、翻译：
1) 问题是得找出一个解决办法。 The problem is to find a solution. 2) 你得做的就是马上完工。
All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.
（3）作宾语：
(1)不定式作宾语时常直接放在谓语动词之后。 三个希望两答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise) 两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse) 设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide) 不要假装在选择(pretend, choose)
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish I can't afford to buy a car.
(2)不定式作宾语时还常用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末，常用结构为：think/consider/find / feel/ know/make it ＋ adj.＋ to do。 I found it necessary to talk to him again. I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
(3) “动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know,
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explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：
I don’t know what to do / where to go / who (m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
3．“介词+不定式结构”。不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 和but的结构中才能这样用，例如：
He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. ①前面有do，后面省to。如：
They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
_____________________________________________除了看电视，他从不干任何事。 I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意，没有别的办法。
She was willing to do anything except tell me her mane. 她怎么都行，就是不肯把她的名字告诉我。
②前面没do，后面带to。如：
Nothing remains but to die. 除了死，没有别的办法。
__________________________________________除了等，我没有别的选择。 It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。
I can do nothing for them except to send them money. 我除了给他们寄钱以外，什么也不能帮他们。 练习 1、选择：
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1) The Homestead Act of 1862 B to acquire land at a small cost.
a) A. made possible B. made it possible C. made the possibility D. possibly made 2) I have no choice but____C____his order to finish my task ahead of time.
a) A. obey B. obeying C. to obey D. obeyed 3) Sandy could do nothing but ____A____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
a) A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 4) I expected ____D______ your friend, but my car broke down on the way.
a) A. met B. meeting C. to meeting D. to meet 2、填空：
1) He told us whether to have (have) a picnic was still under discussion. 2) We have planned __to make_________ (make) a school radio programme. 3) The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep. 3、翻译：
1) 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 2) 他们还没有决定是否接受邀请。
They haven’t decided whether to accept the invitation. 3) 我感到帮助他们是我的责任。
I feel it my duty to help them. 4) 我发现与他相处不是件容易的事
I find it hard to get along with him.。
（4）作宾语补足语： 1．带to的不定式作宾补
advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，direct，encourage，expect，forbid，force，invite，order，
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permit，persuade，remind，re-quest，require，teach，tell，want，warn等。
a．可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词常用的有例如：
The teacher asked us to finish our homework．老师叫我们完成家庭作业。 She wanted him to sing for her friends．她想让他为她的朋友唱歌。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street．警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。 b．在动词consider，declare，discover，feel，find，suppose ，think，believe， find， understand，take等之后，作宾补的不定式多由“to be ＋adj．”构成。例如：
They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful．他们发现中国人都很幸福快乐。 He believed the earth to be a globe．他相信大地是个球体。
c．在某些短语后也可跟带to的不定式作宾补。这类动词短语常见的有： long for to sb.to do， shout to sb.to do，call on sb. to do，count on sb. to do，depend on sb. to do，wait for sb. to do，care for sb. To do 等。
The chairman called on Mr. Brown to speak． I shouldn't care for that man to be my doctor．
2．不带to的不定式作宾补
动词不定式在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。例如：
Please listen to me sing the song again．请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。 You can't let the boy stand in the sun．你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。 They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
注意：感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补，也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是：前者强调动作的全过程或经常性；后者则强调动作在进行（片断）。试比较：
I heard her sing．我听见她唱了歌。 I heard her singing．我听见她在唱歌。
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3．带to或不带to的不定式作宾补
在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。例如： He often helps me（to）clean the room．他经常帮助我打扫房间。 练习: 1、选择
1) The teacher had the students A their homework every day.
A. do B. to do C. done D. doing
2) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ____A____ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
3) They knew her very well. They had seen her D up from childhood.
A. to grow B. grew C. was growing D. grow
C
4) The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
2、填空
1) She was seen go （go ）into the library
2) We consider Tom to be （be ）one of the best students in our class. 3) My advisor encouraged me
to take
（
take
）
summer course to improve my writing skills. 3、翻译
1) 我想他离家很远。
I suppose him to be away from home. 2) 提醒我开会被迟到了。
Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.
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（5）作定语：
①不定式作定语,修饰the first, the last, the third,中心词为不定式的执行者时用to do sth（主动式）,中心词为不定式承受者时用to be done（被动式）. The newspaper reporter was the last to walk out of the cave. This is the third question to be discussed.
②中心词是由动词派生的名词,原动词＋不定式作宾语,wish, decision, refusal, arrangement, intention, agreement, hope, need, plan, promise, failure ,attempt They made a decision to put off the meeting until next week. He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall. He made a promise to be a good boy.
There is no need to build a dam on the small river.
③中心词是由形容词派生来的,原形容词常用不定式作状语,ability, eagerness, anxiety, patience, willingness.
A good teacher must have the ability to make himself understood.
④名词本身是抽象名词，不定式解释其中的内容，chance，plan ,means , courage, efforts, measures, movement, opportunity, power, reason, right ,skill, strength, struggle, idea ,way, approach.
In our country, everyone has the right to go to school. He has a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. He thought of an idea to catch the smoke.
⑤中心词是不定式的执行者,动词不定式应后于谓语或在未来发生. He had no photographs to remind him of the past. We are in need of nurses to look after the patients. Is there anybody to carry on the work?
⑥中心词是不定式的承受者,不定式应该是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语,不定式通常不能带宾语.不定式的执行者是句子的主语,间接宾语或泛指的人,用主动式to do,强调不定式另有一个执行者,用被动式to be done.
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I have a letter to post, so I can’t go to swim with you. I have a letter to be posted. Can you help me? 注：不定式为不及物动词时，应有必要的介词 She has a lot of things to attend to. Is this something to be ashamed of? I have nothing to fear for myself. He bought a cup to drink water with. He is looking for a room to live in. I have nothing really to complain about.
注意：1）中心词如果是time, place, way不定式可可省略后面的介词 He is looking for a place to live (in).
注意：2）在There be句型中,to do和 to be done多数语意相同. There is a lot to be said /to say about the subject. ⑦合成词可作前置定语
well-to-do family , this never-to-be-forgotten day, wait-and-see attitude , an easy-to-use book, do-or-die policy, difficult-to-solve problem, take-home pay, go-to-meeting clothes 练习 1、选择
1) I got out some more chairs for the other guests B .
A. to sit B. to sit on C. sit on D. sit
2) He was the first B and the last .
A. arriving, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arrive, leave D. for arriving, for leaving
3) My grandfather seems to have a lot ___D____.
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A.worry about B.to worrying about C.to be worried D.to worry about
4) The play C next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A. produced C. to be produced
2、填空
1) Please tell me the subjects to be discussed （discuss） at the next session. 2) We need someone to help （help） with the work.
3) Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive （arrive） at the office.
3、翻译：
1) 我有一个会议要出席。
I have a meeting to attend. 2) 他找到了一个居住的好房子。
He found a good house to live in. 3) 他得到一个去出国的机会。
He has got a chance to go abroad. 4) 要在明天会上讨论的问题非常得难。
The problem to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very difficult one.
（6）作状语：
1,不定式做目的状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。放在句首时，需要加逗号与句子隔开，放在句末时不需要隔开。
To catch the first bus, Li Lei started out early. Mom opened the window to let some fresh air in.
注意为了强调目的状语，可以用in order to do 或者 so as to do。 In order to do 前后均可，
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B. being produced
D. having been produced
而 so as to do只能放在后面。
Mom opened the window so as to let some fresh air in.
2,不定式做原因状语往往要放在表示人的喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或分词之后。这些形容词有
angry,
anxious,
content,clever,cruel,delighted,disappointed,excited,foolish,glad,happy,pleased,pound,ready,sorry,surprised,willing,fortunate,right,wrong,foolish,luck,quick,slow等。注意不要用逗号隔开。 I am glad to see you.
Many people are content to live a simple life. 3,不定式作结果状语，注意下面几种情况： ①Only to do表示出人意料、意想不到的结果
We hurried to the railway station only to find the train had left. ②enough to do, too…to do结构
The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. ③在so(such)…as to do结构中，意为如此……以致……’
I am not such a fool as to believe a cheat. He is so kind as to help the old lady off the bus. 注意：一般说来不定式作状语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语，主句主语和不定式的动词存在着动作上的主谓和动宾关系。因此不定式短语作状语可以转化为相应的状语从句。 现在分析三例：
To catch the first bus, Li Lei started out early. =
Li Lei started out early in order that(so that) he can catch the first bus.（目的状语） Many people are content to live a simple life. =
because many people live a simple life, they are content.（原因状语） His father went to Taiwan in 1949, never to be heard from. =
His father went to Taiwan in 1949 so that he wasn’t be heard from.（结果状语） [注释]
1、引导目的状语从句可以用in order that, so that；引导结果状语从句可以用so(such)…that, so that.
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2、目的不定式In order to(so as to)相当于目的状语从句的in order that（so that），结果不定式so(such)…as to相当于结果状语从句so(such)…that 练习 1、选择：
1) It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just __C__ a look at
the sports stars. A. had
B. having
C. to have
D. have
2) He was too excited ____B_____.
A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 3) That box is A.
A. too heavy for me to carry
B. too heavy for me to carry it
C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry 2、填空：
We hurried to the classroom only to find （find） none there. To learn （ learn）English well, he needs a dictionary. He was astonished to hear （hear ）the terrible news. 翻译：
1) 他们停下来问路。
They stopped to ask the way. 2) 他醒来发现大家都走了。
He work up to find everybody had gone. 3) 见到你我非常高兴。
I am very glad to see you.
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（7）作独立成分
常用的短语有：
to be frank坦白地说、needless to say 不用说、to be brief 简而言之、to be exact 精确的说、to be frank with you老实对你说 、to be plain 老实说 、to put it straight直截了当、to bring the story short长话短说、to return to my subject言归正传、to change the subject换一个话题、to use his own words用自己的话说、to make matter worse更糟的是、to give him his due公正地说、strange to say奇怪地说、to say nothing of姑且不讲、
知识点二、不定式的时态语态：
一般式 进行式 完成式
1． 动词不定式的时态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
动词不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的，具体表现在：
1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。例如： My parents have made plans to spend their holidays in Hainan next week. (to spend发生在made plans之后)
2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。例如： When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework. 3)不定式的完成式表达下列意义：
不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms. (to have just finished发生在they are said所表示的时间之前)
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主 动 to do to be doing to have done 被 动 to be done / to have been done 不定式的完成式用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished,
thought, desired, was, were等词后，表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have+过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。例如：
I meant to have dropped in at your office. (但没来)
用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后，表示动作先于另一个动作发生。例
如：
I seem to have met her at a party before. (met在seem之前发生)
在should like或would like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。例如： I would like to have seen her expression when she heard the news. (但没有看到) 4)不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，而且一直进行着。例如： He looked too young to have been traveling to several countries. 他看上去太年轻，不像已经到过好几个国家的人。 2． 动词不定式的被动语态
在不定式中，如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式要用主动语态；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态。试比较： The teacher asked the students to go out for some fresh air. (主动式) The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather. (被动式) 练习 1、选择
1) There are still many problems ___D_____ before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
A．solving
B．solved
C．being solved D．to be solved
2) He is thought __B______ foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the
job.
A. to act C. acting
B. to have acted D. having acted
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2、填空
1) The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area. 2) The book is said to ___have been translated______ (translate) into several languages. 3) When I came in, he pretended to be reading .(read)
4) They are said to have finished (finish) cleaning their bedrooms. 3、翻译
1) 昨晚当他父母回来时，他碰巧正在写作业。
When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework. 2) 我偶然看过这部电影。
I happened to have seen the film.
★在下列情况中用不定式的主动形式表示被动意思
1． 在there be+主语中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
There is no money to buy such useless things. There are a lot of trees to plant.
2． 在“名词(代词)+be easy(difficult, fit等形容词)+不定式结构”中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me, for you等。例如：The problem is not easy to work out. The new student is hard to get along with.
3． 如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它所修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动语态，因为逻辑主语跟不定式的关系更为直接。例如： The people there have little to eat or use.
分析：句子主语The people在逻辑上是不定式to eat or use动作的执行者，不定式to eat or use和它修饰的名词little在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。 The old man has a lot to show off.
分析：句子主语the old man在逻辑上是不定式to show off动作的执行者，不定式to show
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off和它修饰的名词a lot在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。
4． 在too…to和enough to结构中，不定式可以用主动语态表示被动意义。例如： The suitcase is too heavy to carry. The glass necklace is cheap enough to buy.
5． blame的不定式作表语时，用主动语态表示被动的意义，含义不同。例如： As the accident is so serious that some leaders are to blame. (=you were in fault你应负责任) 6． something, little, what, much, a great deal to do等作句子主语，作表语时，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。例如：
The couple have just come back from the holiday, so a lot of house- work remains to do. What is to do tonight?
7． to let表示“出租”，作表语时，可用“to be let”形式，但含义有些差别。例如： The empty house is to let. 此房出租。(从房屋主人的立场讲话，由房子主人亲自向租房人说或登出广告)
The empty house is to be let. (从房屋本身来说，代理人向租房人讲话)
练习
一）、辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分:
1. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings.
2. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up. 3. I don’t have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 4. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am. 5. I have had to work hard to live a normal life.
6. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.
二）、Multiple choice
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1. He is said to ____ to his country because a new president comes into power.
A. be allowed to return B. allow to return C. allow returning D. be allowed returning
2. He spoke in such a high voice ____ at the further end of the room.
A. as to be heard B. to be heard C. as to hear D. to hear 3. --- Do you work in the lab every afternoon?
--- No, but sometimes, I wish I ____ .
A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time 4. I’ll do whatever I can ____ my English.
A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving 5. Could you tell me the way you’ve thought of _____ ?
A. to do it B. doing it C. do it D. has to do it 6. Every minutes is made full _____ of _____ our lessons.
A. to use, study B. use, studying C. useful, to study D. use, to study 7. Whom would you rather _____ the work?
A. to have to do B. to have do C. have to do D. have do 8. Pieces of bamboo or wood ____ books between 2nd and 5th century AD.
A. used to formed B. used to form C. were used to form D. used to be forming 9. Smith appears ______ a long time. He is impatient for my arrival.
A. to wait B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. to have been waiting 10. He is said ______ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. A. to have been badly treated B. treating badly C. being badly treated D. to be treated badly 11. --- Why was he fined?
--- He happened to _____ several flowers in the park.
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A. be seen pick B. be seen picking C. be caught to pick D. catch picking 12. Reading English in the morning seems to be a rule _____.
A. to never break B. never to be breaking C. never to be broken D. never to break 13. For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only ______ to come again the next day. A. telling B. to be told C. told d. being told 14. --- Why so serious, dear?
--- Nothing. I’m just thinking about the problem _____ tomorrow.
A. discussed B. will be discussed C. to be discussed D. being discussed 15. Which do you enjoy _____ your weekends, fishing or watching TV? A. spending B. to spend C. being spend D. spend
三）、填空
1. 2. 3. 4.
It will take several weeks for your computer to ___be repaired___ (repair).y. A vote is required ____to be taken___ (take) in our company at once.
This makes it possible for them __to make_ (make) metals into any required shapes. When some money went missing from the bank, Thomas was believed ___to have stolen___ (steal) it. 5. 6. 7.
I hope __to be admitted____ (admit) to Zhongshan University. Come on! It is an easy sentence___to translate_____ (translate).
My advisor encouraged me ___to take______ (take) a summer course to improve my writing skills. 8. 9. 10.
___To save_______ (save) the badly sick lady, the doctor had an operation on her. He was too frightened __to say___ (say) anything.
I am going to the post office. Do you have any letter ____to be posted__________ (post)?
Keys
Ⅰ1-6 (subject) (predicative) (attribute) (object) (adverbial) (object complement)
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