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美国人的肢体语言(2009-07-23 09:07:48)转载标签: 肢体语言口语英语美语教育 分类: 英语学习
在日常生活交流过程中,在许多场合下,身势语言(body language),即各种手势、姿势和身势(signs, signals and gestures)也是人们常用的交流工具。你知道美国人常用的身势语有哪些吗?下面就以身体部分为单元,把美国人生活交际中经常使用的手势、姿势和身势介绍给大家。
手The hand
1. wring one’s hands 扭着手,搓着手
wring one’s hands是指一个人squeeze and rub one hand with the other。当一个人对某人或某事担心、焦虑或感到失望、悲观的时候,他做出的表示就是紧握双手,互相搓摩,不知所措,只有无可奈何地等待事情的发展。
2. give someone some skin 热烈欢迎
这是指两手同时与对方的手相接触,可以是一人的两手掌与另一人的两手掌拍在一起,也可以是两人的双手同时握在一起,上下、左右都行,以表示特别欢迎。当有人这样说的时候,近似于一种要求或命令。如:Bob hadn’t seen John for a long time, he said to John:“Hey John, give me some skin!”
3. slap someone on the back 拍某人的后背
熟悉的朋友特别是年轻的男性朋友见面时,一个人会用手掌拍另一个人的后背。通常是表示亲切、友好。有时人们互拍后背表示祝贺。比如,球场上,一个队员得了分,其他队员可以拍他的后背。有时两人手掌碰拍一下,表示祝贺和鼓励。如:I slapped Jack on the back after he kicked a goal in the match.
4. I am very full. 我吃饱了。
美国人的做法是把一只手放到喉头,手心向下,手指伸开。有时还会说:“到这儿了。”(I am full up to here.)中国人一般是用一只手或两只手轻拍自己的肚子。
手指 The fingers
1. shake one’s finger at someone 朝某人晃手指
当不喜欢别人正在做的事或说的话,可以冲他晃你的手指,意思是不要再做下去。常带有责备或警告的意味。例如,在会场上,告诉别人不要讲话。如果一个人对某个人的作为很不满意,在批评、责备那个人的时候,有时会气愤地冲他点手指头。这样的情况下是前后或上下晃手指。
2. cross one’s fingers 手指交叉
意味着希望交好运。当然人们并不*信这能为自己带来好运,只不过是告诉他人希望万事如意、心想事成的一种方式。如:你在找工作时,可以对家人或朋友说:“Keep your fingers crossed for me!”
3. give the OK sign 作OK的手势
表示“好、行、对”等意思。有时可以把一只手的食指和拇指放在一起,形成一个O形,其他三指伸开,告诉别人一切顺利。如:You give the OK sign to signal that everything is very good or all right.
4. thumb one’s nose / make a long nose / bite one’s thumb 藐视
把拇指搁在鼻端,其余四指伸开,有时也可扇动拇指,表示藐视、挑战的意思。如对一个人的话不以为然,或对某人的做法不屑一顾。bite one’s thumb表示藐视的时候,用at someone or something。
头 The head
1. scratch one’s head 搔头
当对某事感到困惑或者尽力要回忆起某人某事的时候,会有这种动作。当人们在处理问题要做出决定的时候,常做的动作也是搔头。当你不知如何回答别人的提问时,也可搔头,表示:给我点时间,让我想一想,考虑一下。
2. nod 点头
表示同意、赞成、打招呼。表示acknowledge,尤其是在双方交谈的时候,表示“我在听你说”“我同意”“请讲下去”等意思。有时还可以用点头的方式示意他人回来,不要走,常与手势move one’s hand 同时使用。
3. heads up 当心,留神
当你觉得有什么悬乎的事情要发生或有什么危险的情况,希望别人留神的时候,喊一声“Heads up!”他们自然会抬起头看看你或周围的情况。
眼睛 The eyes
1. look someone in the eye 直视某人
说话的时候,任何听话人应该看着对方的眼睛。但如果一直盯着对方会使对方感到不舒服。有时,有的人在谈话时会一直看着对方。往往是老板在给下属布置任务,家长在教训孩子等。
2. raise an eyebrow 扬眉毛
当某人感到惊讶、怀疑、不悦、不满的时候,可以用这种方式来表示。
3. not bat an eyelid 不动声色
bat在这里是to blink, to open and close the eyes的意思。当人们对某种意想不到的事或情况泰然处之,不露惊愕之色,连眼睛也不眨的时候,我们就说They don’t even bat an eyelid.
手臂和肩 The arms and shoulders
1. wave one’s arms 挥舞手臂
表示希望引起他人的注意。人们将挥舞手臂看成这样的信息:“我在这里”“快来帮忙”“救命!”等。运动员取得冠军,人们在比赛中取得胜利也常用挥舞双臂的方式表示胜利和欢乐。
2. with folded arms 两臂交叉于胸前
表示出一种不在乎、无所谓,不关心、不屑一顾的态度。也指对某人、某事持袖手旁观的态度,拒绝采取行动。如:There was a car accident. He just looked on with folded arms.
3. with open arms 张开双臂欢迎,热情地
意思是to stretch out one’s arms in a warm and friendly way, eagerly,表示对某人的欢迎。如:He welcomed me with open arms.
嘴 The mouth
1. mouth the words 不出声地说
用嘴做出说每个字的动作,但不发出声音。说话人是想告诉听话人某件事,但又不希望其他人听见。有时人们常用mouth the words表示某人的话不可信,如:John says he’ll come, but he’s just mouthing the words.
2. make a mouth 做鬼脸
表示厌恶、轻蔑、嘲笑、不同意或痛苦等心情时,用面部故意做出来的滑稽的表情。如:
The child made a mouth when he was told to take the medicine.
3. bite one’s lip 咬嘴唇
当某人为了掩饰自己愤怒或不悦的心情,强忍怒气,不愿表达出来的时候,通常的表示就是咬嘴唇。如:When he heard the rumor
美国人的肢体语言
The boy and girl glance around the crowded room. Their eyes meet. Embarrassed, they look away. Nervously, they steal glances at each other, averting their eyes when they see the other one looking back. The boy acts cool, crossing his legs and affecting a casual air-even though his heart is beating wildly. The girl, obviously smitten herself, is afraid the boy will see her looking at him. A few seconds pass. He looks at her again. She starts to blush. He nervously looks at the ceiling and whistles softly to himself. They continue their cat-and-mouse game for a seemingly inter-minable period of time. Will they ever talk to each other?
那个男孩和女孩瞥视那拥挤的屋内。他们的视线相遇了。不好意思,又把视线挪开。惴惴不安地,他们互相偷看着,当发现对方也在回望自己时,又转移视线。男孩表现得很酷,交叉着双腿,装着一副漫不经心的样子--虽然他的心正狂野地跳动着;女孩,显然地已坠入情网,很怕男孩看到自己在看他。几秒钟过去了,他再度看她;她的脸红了起来。他紧张地看着天花板,自己轻吹着口哨。他们似乎没完没了地玩着这个猫捉老鼠的游戏。他们到底会不会交谈呢?
The fact is, they have already communicated a lot, without ever saying anything. Nonverbal elements form a major part of any communication interchange. Some people would say it's the most important part. According to one study, words convey only 7 percent of a person's message. Intonation and voice quality communicate 38 percent, and nonverbal cues transmit a whopping 55 percent. That means people pick up more from nonverbal communication than from the words a person says. When studying about a foreign culture then, it just makes sense to pay attention to how people use nonverbal cues.
事实上,他们没说一句就已经沟通过了。非语言之要素在任何形式的双向沟通中占了很重要的一部份。有些人会认为那是最重要的一部份。根据一项研究,言语只传达了百分之七的讯息。语调及音色传达了百分之三十八,而非语言的暗示传递了极大的百分之五十五。这就表示了人们从非语言沟通中领悟到的比从说出来的话语中的还多。所以,在研习一个外国文化时,注意人们如何使用非语言暗示是很有道理的。
Gestures comprise a major form of nonverbal communication. In contrast to sign language, used by deaf people to communicate elaborate messages, gestures function as visual icons which represent a single idea. But often these gestures are embarrassingly culture-bound. For example, when the Maoris of New Zealand stick out their tongue at someone, it is a sign of respect. When American schoolchildren make the same gesture, it means just the opposite. Also, Americans often indicate "OK" with their thumb and forefinger touching to form a circle. The same gesture means "money" to the Japanese, "zero" to the French and a vulgarity to Brazilians. For that reason, people in a foreign culture must use gestures with caution.
手势是非语言传达中很重要的一环。与聋人用来沟通复杂讯息所使用的手语不同的是,手势的功能就像是视觉上的图像,它代表的是单一的意念。而往往这些手势极受文化*,甚至造成尴尬的误解。例如,当纽西兰的毛利人对某人伸舌头,这是尊敬的表象。当美国学童作同样的动作时,它表达的意思正好相反。还有,美国人通常用大拇指及食指环绕起一个圆圈表示「没问题」。同样的手势对日本人是「钱」的意思,对法国人是「零」的意思,对巴西人是极低俗的手势。因此,处在外国文化中的人必须小心地使用手势。
Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps into someone, he feels obligated to apologize. But the size of a person's "comfort zone" varies, depending on his cultural or ethnic origin. For example, in casual conversation, many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words, they like to keep each other "at arm's length." People in Latin or Arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.
另一个非语言沟通的文化层面可能是你不会想到的东西:空间距离。每一个人都会假想在自己身体四周有一种*的盾牌。当有人太靠近时,他会觉得不舒服。而当他不小心撞到别人时,他会觉得非道歉不可。但是每个人的「舒服区」的大小各有不同,这与其文化或种族有关。例如,在闲谈时,许多美国人维持着大约四呎远的距离。也就是说,他们喜欢让彼此保持一只手臂的距离。而相反的,拉丁或是阿拉伯文化的人,彼此站得很近,他常互相碰触。假如一个来自于这些文化的人在谈话时站得太靠近美国人,那个美国人会觉得不舒服,而退后一步。
When Americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expression_r_rs of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a "poker face," whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression_r_r, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn't look you in the eye, Americans might say you should question his motives-or assume that he doesn't like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans still consider staring-especially at strangers-to be rude.
当美国人在谈话时,他们期望别人对其所讲的有所响应。对他们来说,有礼貌的谈话者应该靠着表示出惊喜、讨厌、吃惊或悲哀的表情来与别人心领神会。那种带着一张「扑克脸孔」的人,他的情绪隐藏于毫无表情的面容下,会被别人以怀疑的眼光看待。美国人在谈话中也会以扬眉、点头、有礼貌的微笑以及保持适度的目光接触来表示他们的注意。然而某些文化的人认为直接的凝视是不礼貌而具有威胁感的;美国人认为这是一个真挚诚恳的表征。假如一个人不用正眼看你,美国人可能会觉得,你应该要对他的动机起疑,或者假设他不喜欢你。即使目光接触有其利害关系,美国人也是认为瞪着眼睛看人--特别是对陌生人--是不礼貌的。
Considering the influence of nonverbal communication, we never really stop communicating. How we walk, how we stand, how we use our hands, how we position our bodies, how we show emotions-all send a message to others. That's why it's possible, as the saying goes, to "read someone like a book." And if you read the person right, as the boy and girl in the crowded room later discovered, it just might turn into a love story.
想到非语言沟通的影响范围,我们其实从未真的停止沟通过。我们如何走路、站立、如何用双手、如何举手投足、如何表现情绪,都发送出一个讯息。这也就是为什么可以做到像俗语所说的:「看一个人像读一本书一样。」假如你看懂了一个人,就像在那拥挤房间中的男孩及女孩后来发现的一样,也许就会变成一个爱的故事。